Lesson 3 of 4

Cuba on the nuclear edge

In October 1962, the world came closer to nuclear war than ever before — or since. In this lesson, we'll trace how a small island in the Caribbean forced two superpowers to rewrite the rules of rivalry.

A Cold War flashpoint

On January 1, 1959, revolutionaries overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, ending years of authoritarian rule. Fidel Castro, along with Che Guevara, had waged a years-long campaign from the mountains of eastern Cuba, building support among rural peasants and urban dissenters.
After seizing power, Castro moved quickly to nationalize US-owned businesses, redistribute land, and align with the Soviet Union. A communist state had appeared in the Western Hemisphere — just 90 miles from Florida.
Alberto Korda. Che Guevara (left) and Fidel Castro. 1961
Nationalization is the transfer of private assets into government ownership.

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More on Geopolitical Shifts of the 20th Century

  1. Lesson 1 of 4

    After the empires fell

  2. Lesson 2 of 4

    Dissolution of the Soviet Union

  3. Lesson 3 of 4

    Cuba on the nuclear edge

  4. Lesson 4 of 4 • Quiz

    Power shifts decoded

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Common questions

Yes. During a tense naval standoff, U.S. destroyers dropped depth charges near a Soviet submarine carrying a nuclear torpedo, and two officers voted to fire it, believing war had already started. A third officer, Vasily Arkhipov, refused, and his veto is widely credited with averting a nuclear exchange.

Yes. U.S. Air Force pilot Rudolf Anderson was shot down over Cuba while flying a reconnaissance mission, becoming the only combat death of the standoff. His loss pushed both governments closer to war, since several of Kennedy's advisers believed it demanded an immediate military response.

Kennedy's advisers weren't confident airstrikes could destroy every missile before some launched, and any attack risked killing Soviet personnel and forcing immediate retaliation. A naval blockade let Kennedy stop new weapons from arriving while leaving room to negotiate instead of triggering war outright.

The US argued the two situations weren't truly equivalent, though the Soviets clearly disagreed and cited the American missiles as their own reason for placing weapons in Cuba. The comparison mattered enough that quietly removing the Turkish missiles became part of the deal that ended the crisis.

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